Robert Penn Warren, Born In Guthrie, Kentucky In 1905, Was One Of The

Robert Penn Warren, born in Guthrie, Kentucky in 1905, was one of the twentieth century's most eminent American writers. He was a distinguished novelist and poet, literary critic, essayist, short story writer, and coeditor of numerous textbooks. He also a founding editor of The Southern Review, a journal of literary criticism and political thought. The primary influences on Robert Warren's career as a poet were probably his Kentucky boyhood, and his relationships with his father and his maternal grandfather. As a boy, Warren spent many hours on his grandfather's farm, absorbing stories of the Civil War and the local tobacco wars between growers and wholesalers, the subject of his first novel, Night Riders. His grandfather, Thomas Gabriel Penn, had been a calvary officer in the Civil War and was well-read in both military history and poetry, which he sometimes recited for Robert. Robert's father was a banker who had once had aspirations to become a lawyer and a poet. Because of economic troubles, and his responsibility for a family of half-brothers and sisters when his father died, Robert Franklin Warren forsook his literary ambitions and devoted himself to more lucrative businesses. Robert Warren did not always have ambitions to become a writer, in fact, one of his earlier dreams was to become an adventurer on the high seas. This fantasy might have indeed come about, for his father intended to get him an appointment to Annapolis, had it not been for a childhood accident in which he lost sight in one of his eyes. Warren was an outstanding student but there were also many books at home, and he savored reading. His father at one time aspired to be a poet. His grandfather Penn, with whom he spent much time when he was young, was an exceptional storyteller and greatly influenced young Red. But both of these men whom he loved had in some sense failed to achieve. By contrast, Warren was determined to achieve, to be successful. During his college years at Vanderbilt, the sense of being physically maimed, as well as the fear sympathetic blindness in his remaining good eye became almost unbearable. At Vanderbilt University he met Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, and others interested in poetry. As part of The Fugitives, a private group that met off campus, he delved deeply into poetry, and his first poems were published in their short-lived quarterly. Warren had a remarkable capacity for friendship, and he was in touch with these men all of their lives. For years Tate was "first critic" of his poetry. After graduating from Vanderbilt in 1925, he took a Master's Degree from the University of California at Berkley. After visiting Yale University, he moved to Oxford as a Rhodes scholar, where he wrote his first book: John Brown: The Making of a Martyr in 1929. "Red" Warren, as he was known to his friends, married Emma Brescia in 1930, a marriage which ended in divorce 20 years later. In the last several years of that period, Warren was penned with depression and a lack of new material. His period of dissolution did not end until his second marriage to Eleanor Clark in 1952. Warren received many honors including a Pulitzer Prize for the fiction All the King's Men, 1946: This novel illustrating a powerful Southern governor resembling the Louisiana politician Huey P. Long.. He also produced his complex World Enough and Time, based on the Kentucky hanging of Jeremiah Beauchamp for murder in 1826. The research he done for this book was done at the Library of Congress during the time he was Poetry Consultant there. In this research, he uncovered the sorbid tale of Lilburne Lewis, Thomas Jefferson's nephew, who chopped a young slave girl to pieces with a meat ax. Robert struggled to convert the account of the murder into a long dramatic poem, which was to emerge at last in 1953 as Brother to Dragons: A Tale in verse and Voices, one of the most distinctive long poems in American literature. Warren's marriage to Eleanor and the births of their two children, Rosanna and Gabriel, brought new life into his writing. After the Pulitzer Prize-winning Promises: Poems 1954-1956, dedicated to his children, Warren produced several more novels and a steady stream of

buy custom Legalization essay

buy custom Legalization essay Substance abuse has been a concern in most countries especially in the US due to the negative effects of such drugs on the health of the users. Thus, the government in a bid to reduce the social costs associated with the use of such drugs usually enforces stringent rules and regulations. However, drugs also have some benefits to the society. Marijuana refers to a dry, shredded green and brown mix of flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves derived from the hemp plant cannabis sativa(Reinarman and Cohen 837). Marijuana has both psychoactive and medicinal effects. In North America, the legality of marijuana varies from one state to another. For instance, in some states, possession of small quantities and responsible use of marijuana has been decriminalized. However, the use of marijuana remains illegal in some states such as Texas. This paper will debate the legalization of marijuana on medical grounds. Arguments against Legalization The legalization of marijuana has always been opposed due to the following reasons. First, those who are against its legalization contend that it is a gateway drug. Therefore, its legalization will increase consumption of drugs such as alcohol, which are used with it. Second, they contend that the use of this drug has negative effects on the health of its users. This is because it can cause mental illnesses and complications such as lack of concentration. Third, legalization of this drug has always been opposed due to the fact that its usage leads to behavior disorders(MacCoun and Reuter). Consequently, the intoxication associated with it can lead to cases of crime and violence. Finally, legalization of marijuana has been opposed on the basis that quitting its addiction is very difficult. Hence, it is likely to have long-term effects on the users and the society. Besides this, commercial production of the drug will enhance its availability to the adolescents. This is based on the act that the minors are likely to access it through their parents, or get influenced to use it through sales campaigns. In order to avoid these consequences, those who oppose the use of this drug have proposed tough regulatory measures against it. Arguments in Favor of Legalization Marijuana should be legalized on medical grounds since it has been empirically proved that it has therapeutic effects. Modern research indicates that marijuana can be used to treat neuropathic pain, nausea, spasticity, glaucoma, and movement disorder(Joffe and Yancy 634). Marijuana can also be used to stimulate appetite among patients suffering from HIV/ AIDs and dementia. Emerging research findings reveal that marijuana can also be used to prevent malignant tumors. Besides this, an overdose of the drug cannot lead to death. This makes it a safe medicinal drug that will improve the health of citizens. Thus, legalizing marijuana will enable doctors to freely prescribe it to patients who suffer from various diseases. It will also protect citizens from being arrested for using marijuana for medical reasons. In addition, stigmatization of its users will also fade off. Medicinal marijuana will significantly reduce medical expenses to patients who cannot afford expensive manufactured drugs available in the local pharmaceutical outlets. Moreover, it will act as an alternative medicine to patients who have developed resistance to some medications they have been relying on. The premise that consistent use of the drug will lead to negative health effects on the users is misguided. This is because research reveals that consistent users of marijuana tend to develop their own etiquette in terms of personal norms and values, which guide them in using marijuana. Thus, the users of marijuana have a mechanism for controlling their consumption of this drug. This enables them to avoid the negative health effeccts associated with it. Apart from this, the citizens can be educated by the government and the producers of marijuana on responsible consumption. It has also been proven that the users tend to reduce the frequency at which they use marijuana over time. This finding counters the notion that quitting the use of marijuana is challenging. The social costs of using marijuana in terms of expenditure, mortality and morbidity are considered to be lower as compared to other drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. This makes marijuana a better alternative as compared to other drugs. Finally, legalizing the drug will improve the financial position of the country through the taxations that are associated with its production. Laws can be enacted to guide the production and the consumption of medicinal marijuana. Such laws will define who can buy the drug, where it can be sold, and the penalties that will be used against those who will violate the regulations. Finally, the belief that legalization of marijuana will increase its availability and usage especially by adolescents is not valid. This is because research findings on the use of this drug indicate that the level of its availability, and the age at which users begin to consume it is the same between countries that criminalize it and those that have decriminalized it. Conclusion The above analysis shows that marijuana has several benefits. The policies that have been used to discourage its use have also failed since its usage is still popular despite its criminalization(Joffe and Yancy). It is also possible to manage the negative effects that are associated with it. This implies that it is not as dangerous as believed by those who oppose its use. Thus, the use of marijuana should be legalized in the society in order for people to use it responsibly. Last but more important, the medicinal aspect of marijuana can only be beneficial to many patients if it is legalized. Buy custom Legalization essay

25 Synonyms for Expression

25 Synonyms for Expression 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Expression† 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Expression† By Mark Nichol Many words can be employed to refer to an expression. Most, as you’ll see, are true synonyms of one or more others, but a few have specific (and sometimes unique) connotations. Here are the synonyms and their senses: 1. Adage (from the Latin adagium, â€Å"proverb†) An often metaphorical observation: â€Å"The early bird gets the worm.† 2. Aphorism (from the Greek aphorismos, â€Å"definition†) A principle concisely stated: â€Å"Less is more.† 3. Apothegm (from Greek apophthegma, derived from apophthengesthai, â€Å"to speak out†) An instructive comment: â€Å"Cleanliness is next to godliness.† 4. Banality (from the French banal, â€Å"commonplace†) A trite comment: â€Å"You get what you pay for.† 5. Bromide (from the word for a compound, made in part from the element bromine, used as a sedative) A hackneyed statement: â€Å"We have to work together.† 6. Byword A proverb, or a frequently used word or phrase: â€Å"You can get more flies with honey than with vinegar.† 7. Chestnut (from the Greek kastanea, â€Å"chestnut†) A stale saying or story: â€Å"There’s no such thing as a free lunch.† 8. Clichà © (from the French word for â€Å"stereotype†) An overly familiar expression: â€Å"Keep the faith† (or an overdone theme, like moviedom’s manic pixie dream girl). 9. Commonplace (from the Latin locus communis, â€Å"widely applicable argument†) An obvious but often tiresome or unfortunate comment: â€Å"What goes around comes around† (or a trite phenomena, such as drivers sending text messages). 10. Epigram (from the Greek epigramma, derived from epigraphein, â€Å"to write on†) A concise and wise and/or clever saying: Time is money.† 11. Homily (from the Latin homilia, â€Å"conversation†) a catchphrase (or sermon) meant to inspire: â€Å"To err is human; to forgive divine.† 12. Maxim (from the Latin maxima, the superlative of magnus, â€Å"large†) A rule or principle: â€Å"A watched pot never boils.† 13. Moral (from the Latin moralis, â€Å"custom†) The lesson of an instructive story: â€Å"Be satisfied with what you have.† 14. Motto (from the Latin muttire, â€Å"mutter†) A statement of a principle: â€Å"Be prepared.† 15. Platitude (from the French plat, â€Å"dull†) A banal remark: â€Å"Blondes have more fun.† 16. Precept (from the Latin praeceptum, â€Å"something taken before†) A statement of a rule: â€Å"Thou shalt not kill.† 17. Principle (from the Latin principium, â€Å"beginning†) A law or rule of conduct: â€Å"It is better to give than to receive.† 18. Proverb (from the Latin proverbium, from pro-, â€Å"for† or â€Å"to,† and verbum, â€Å"word†) A direct synonym for adage, byword, epigram, and maxim. 19. Saw (from the Old English sagu, â€Å"discourse†) A maxim or proverb, often referred to with some condescension: â€Å"You’ve heard that old saw about how to get healthy, wealthy, and wise.† 20. Saying An adage: â€Å"Let sleeping dogs lie.† 21. Sententia (from the Latin word for â€Å"feeling, opinion†) A brief expression of a principle: â€Å"To thine own self be true.† 22. Shibboleth (from the Hebrew word for â€Å"stream,† described in the Bible as a word used, by its pronunciation, to distinguish speakers of one region for another) A widely held belief: â€Å"Time heals all wounds.† 23. Slogan (from Scottish Gaelic sluagh-ghairm, â€Å"war cry†) A statement of a position or goal: â€Å"Say what you mean, and mean what you say† (or an advertising statement: â€Å"We will not be undersold!†). 24. Trope (from Latin tropos, â€Å"turn,† â€Å"way,† â€Å"manner,† â€Å"style†) A common figure of speech: â€Å"Not that there’s anything wrong with that† (or a trite theme, as the climactic duel in a western movie). 25. Truism An obvious truth: â€Å"You can’t win them all.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?How Do You Fare?

Cooperative system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cooperative system - Assignment Example Unless employees are satisfied, they can not display competence in their work, and this in turn, hinders their performance. Hence, they can not play their respective roles in achieving organizational objectives, thus lowering the effectiveness. Therefore, the two terms are relational. The statement of Bernard is extremely relevant to the contemporary business scenario. In the modern age of increased competition, business entrepreneurs are looking for ways to gain competitive advantage over their parallels in the market. In these circumstances, it is imperative that they understand the relation between effectiveness and efficiency, because unless they improve their efficiency, they can be outshined by more efficient competitors. The statement of Bernard is also, quite useful for a manager given it is fundamentally a manager’s responsibility to take measures to improve the efficiency of workers in an organization. In order to achieve the ultimate organizational goals, managers n eed to address the problem at the grass root level and improve the employees’ efficiency by addressing their individualistic concerns.

The history of the Great Awakening Research Paper

The history of the Great Awakening - Research Paper Example ent died out rapidly, leaving behind bitter doctrinal disputes between the â€Å"New Lights† and the â€Å"Old Lights,† the latter led by Charles Chauncy, a Boston clergyman, who opposed the revivalist movement as extravagant and impermanent† (Great Awakening). However, the waves of religious awakening soon spread to America and it attained proper shape in America. Great Awakening is classified into different categories based on the period of occurrence like; first second, third and fourth Great Awakenings. First Great Awakening started in AD1734 and lasted till 1750 whereas second Great Awakening occurred in between 1800-1840. The third Great Awakening started in 1880 and lasted till 1910 whereas the fourth Great Awakening happened in the late 1960’s and at the beginning of 1970’s. In all the four great Awakening histories, Protestants were at one side and the traditional churches at the other end. This paper analyses the history and significance of Great Awakening. The Great Awakening arose at a time when man in Europe and the American colonies were questioning the role of the individual in religion and society. It began at the same time as the Enlightenment which emphasized logic and reason and stressed the power of the individual to understand the universe based on scientific laws. Similarly, individuals grew to rely more on a personal approach to salvation than church dogma and doctrine (Kelly) According to Professor Kidd (2009),â€Å"In the generation before awakening, the rivalry between Anglicans and dissenters was sharp. Dissenters were the subjects of discrimination at that time† (Professor Kidd, p.43). Church was the most dominant segment in American and British societies before the beginning of Great Awakening. Even politicians were afraid of the churches and they never tried to do something against the interests of the churches. In other words, the dominance of church was evident in all the aspects of human life in Britain and America before

Robert Brownings The Laboratory and Carol Ann Duffys Havisham Essay Example for Free

Robert Brownings The Laboratory and Carol Ann Duffys Havisham Essay The Laboratory by Robert Browning and Havisham by Carol Ann Duffy are two poems which are representations of a womans revenge and fury that takes place when angered by a male. It is a guide to what havoc a womans wrath can cause just to get her revenge back. We also come to realise as to what length a woman can go and the malicious capacities she displays out of revenge. It shows that the actions of a man can turn the character of a woman from a calm, loving individual into that of a ferocious, almost wicked one. This is coined in a famous phrase Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned. In Carol Ann Duffys poem we see how outraged she is, as in the title of the poem she only mentions Havisham without specifying that she is Miss Havisham resenting the fact that she has been rejected by her lover. In heart breaking desperation she curses Not a day since then I havent wished him dead. Bitter resentment brought even a change in her life as the verse clearly shows: Whole days in bed cawing She degrades herself to the state of an animal, even a lonely one because she came unsocial. Due to his actions, she stereotypes every male and distrusts them as shown in the phrase Give me a male corpse for a long slow honeymoon. Similarly, in Robert Brownings poem we see a woman regretting having trusted a male; however she is more outraged by the fact that the husband has betrayed her, so she curses and plans to murder her rival. She seems desperate to get her revenge back, but also enjoy the time it takes to plan her murder. Both poems portray the phrase, Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned which means that even hell does not have the fury or rage to match a woman who has been deceived. This phrase was commonly used when women started to have equal rights as men. Although these poems carry similar meaning, revenge is expressed in different ways. In Carol Ann Duffys poem Havisham we see that the victim shows great signs of rejection, although she feels that she is powerless to do anything. She is constantly aware of her situation and curses her lover for his actions. Havisham seems very passive and pathetic, while the person in Robert Brownings poem seems much more aggressive, responsive and strong to her situation. Havisham is so mentally unstable that she is only able to hope evil things will happen to him, reminiscent of a kid who is powerless to do anything when opposed by someone bigger than them. The woman in Robert Brownings poem is possibly trying to reclaim back some power by planning to actually use physical force on the target. We can also derive from these facts that the two women differ in ages. Havisham is obviously the older woman as she describes herself in the sentence ropes on the back of my hands, which may mean that her skin is fragile such as that of an old person or from so much tensing and being angry. Her old age could also explain why she has such a passive personality. We see that she is very frustrated as she uses inappropriate language in the oxymoronic phrase Beloved sweetheart bastard. This shows more resentment and hatred to the husband. While in Robert Brownings poem we see that the woman is very aware of her beauty and she says Shes not little, no minion like me! This may suggest that her rival is larger, therefore unattractive. Since we know that she is younger and more energetic, it could be why she is deciding to use physical force. These two women feel pretty much the same about the men who disturbed them however, we see that in Havisham the woman detests all males, whilst in Robert Brownings poem we see that the woman wants another chance with the husband as she says on the last line Ere I know it next moment I dance at the Kings. Both women have very low self esteem as they cannot take it that they have been left and the man has departed. They cannot accept their own fate and this has made them very weak and they cannot keep control of their own lives. The woman in The Laboratory resents her rival who has attracted her husband. She feels that removing her rival would make things better and also she thinks that she will have her husband back as shown in the phrase next moment I dance at the Kings. In Havisham the lady bear a grudge to the man who has left her on the wedding her and she is astounded to be Spinster. In the phrase her, myself she is does not even recognise who she is and clearly does not want to be in such position. She clearly wants to cause damage but because of the circumstance she does not even bother as in the sentence till I suddenly bite awake and Bang. Both of these women are mentally unstable. In Havisham, we see that she has lost the power of speech. Since she has no-one to talk to she often makes animal noises as she believes that she has been rejected like an animal. This is in the phrase cawing Nooooo at the wall and Puce curses that are sounds not words., this also shows us that animals caw and make noises so we can derive that she is already mentally stable in behaving the ways she is. She has remained in her wedding dress since the day she was supposed to get married, this suggest that she will do anything to get married and cannot carry on without getting married. In Robert Brownings poem, we see that the lady is deranged as she imagines very evil thoughts towards her rivals Pauline and Elise. She has a certain pleasure watching the apothecary which is very unusual and suggests that she is missing pleasure from being with her husband. Both women are sexually frustrated at the fact that they have been left for someone else and they considered themselves degraded. In these poems a lot of gothic literature is used throughout to emphasize on the severity and longing of a male partner. It explores madness and isolation and is set in very old houses which fit the scene of horror and evil. The poem contains many supernatural and decay in them and vivid description of death and mysterious things. Both women act in an uncivilised manner such as the phrase the dress yellowing which could mean that she does not change them and urinates in them. This also makes her seem like an animal. In The Laboratory we see that the woman goes to a secret dark place to an alchemist for making her poison. This is all associated with gothic literature. Both poems carry very similar meanings and are expressed in different ways and the supposed audience is for people who treat women as possessions and does not recognise them as a favour. Both women have reacted in very different manners but carry a same important meaning. It reinforces the fact that women may cause ultimate harm if provoked and make men more aware of them. The women are similar because they have experience the same thing, they are just reacting in different ways to each other. Which way is more efficient is another question.

Apollo vs. The Palette of Narmer Essay -- essays research papers

The two works of art that have been chosen to compare and contrast are The Palette Of Narmer and Apollo of Veii. The Palette Of Narmer dates back to the Hierakonpolis Dynasty 1 in 3100 BCE. The Palette of Narmer is interesting because it is the oldest historic work of art that names a person, and is the earliest piece of art that uses hieroglyph. This artwork depicts the dawn of a new age of man and his use of writing and pictographs in art. The statue of Apollo, from Veii comes from the Etruscan art period Apollo was created around 500 BCE. It was created by a very popular sculpture of his time, by the name of Vulca. The delicate technique of firing clay is fascinating. A sculptor of Vulca’s ability was required to know how to construct a large figure so that it did not fall under it’s own weight. He had to know how to precisely regulate the temperature of a kiln large enough to fit a statue of almost 6 ft tall, for a long period of time. The fact that to this day, Vu lca is the only Etruscan Sculpture whose works of art have survived the test of time, show his genius in his creations. The Palette Of Narmer is made of mudstone, which is a kind of shale. It is a flat stone with circular depressions on it. Palettes were common utensil of the time. It is believed that this flat stone was used for grinding eye paint. This eye paint was used for both men and women to prevent eye infections and possibly also used to reduce the glare of the bright desert sun. The Palette Of Narmer...

Dear Diary

A few days ago, I ran into these strange-looking witches that had brought forth a prophecy that I hadn't believed. The prophecy stated that I shall replace Duncan, my King, from his title. This news was indeed compelling but Just the thought of ever replacing the King was something I could never do. I had to share this news with someone, so I went to the one person I trust more than anyone in this world, my wife. She was delighted to hear that I could be named King, but seemed devastated that I was hesitant on taking a type of action that could gain me the throne.I had been persuaded by my wife into assassinating the king and taking his crown. Ever since then my life has changed enormously. These past few days have been like a nightmare for me, a nightmare that I have to live in until my last breath. In order to remain king and keep the title in my family, I must take action towards the people who have the ability to that away from me. Therefore, my best friend, Banquet, and his sons must be eliminated because the prophecy from the witches had stated that his sons will be the true heir of the throne rather than my sons when they are born, which I can't let, happen.I can't kill again; the circumstances this time around are different than before. I am the king now, and after everything I had gone through Just to get this title I can't Jeopardize that. Due to the choices I had made, I need to be the most patient and kind king the world has ever seen, I need to remain calm at all times, and under no circumstance may I ever tell a soul of the actions I had taken to be where I am today. This Is what my future lays for me. This Is what my life shall look like from here on.

Negative Effects Of Fdi In Host Countries Economics Essay

In last decennaries the importance of Foreign Direct Investments ( FDI ) has increased significantly due to globalisation procedure, which offers immense chances for largely developing states to make faster economic growing through trade and investing. FDI assists foreign investors in using their assets and resources more expeditiously every bit good as host states in acquisition of better engineerings and acquiring involved in international production and trade webs ( Athukorala, 2003 ) . Developing states have started to see FDI as a beginning of economic development and modernization, income growing and employment. These states have liberalised their investing governments and followed other policies to pull more FDI. They have attempted to happen the ways of prosecuting those domestic policies that will let them to drive maximal benefits from transnational endeavor presence in the domestic economic system ( OECD, 2002 ) . The purpose of this survey is to analyse the impact of FDI on the economic system of host states. The first portion of the work will be addressed to the relationship between foreign investings and the economic growing of the host states. The survey will reply the inquiry why some states benefit from FDI more than other states, and what these authoritiess should recognize in order to maximise their benefits from the presence of foreign houses. The undermentioned parts will be devoted to more certain issues, such as positive and negative effects of FDI in the host states. Since there is a wide literature on the positive impacts of foreign investings, the chief focal point in this work is emphasized on the negative impacts. The survey shows that although MNEs bring many benefits to host states and the authoritiess are seeking to pull more and more investings, the negative effects of FDI in the economic system of host states should non be neglected. Any indifference to these issues may ensue in negative spillover effects, balance of payment shortages, double economic system, pollution and etc. Brief information about the negative impacts of FDI, particularly, Dutch Disease effects, on the economic system of Azerbaijan is besides given at the terminal of the survey in order to convey a practical illustration. This portion is besides provided with charts for more ocular description of the effects.FDI and Economic GrowthGlobal economic events of past decennaries driven by technological advancements, regional integrating and realignment of economic policies and systems have changed the perceptual experience of host state authoritiess of how FDI can lend to their economic and societal intents. They became more interested in the function of FDI in their states to understand its benefits and costs, and to uncover what should be done by national disposals to see that benefits of FDI influxs to their economic and societal demands will be maximized ( Dunning, 1995 ) .Theory on FDI and growing relationshipIn theory there are contradictory positions about the growing effects of FDI. T he chief principle behind the particular inducements to pull FDI is the belief that they produce outwardnesss in the signifier of engineering transportations and spillovers ( Carkovic and Levine, 2002 ) . Romer ( 1993 ) argues that FDI can ease the transportation of technological and concern know-how to less developed states and heighten the productiveness of all houses in the host state. However, some theories province that foreign investings will damage resource allotment and decelerate the economic growing due to merchandise, monetary value, fiscal and other deformations in less developed states ( Boyd and Smith, 1992 ) . Despite these contradictory theories, some theoretical accounts suggest that FDI will advance the economic development under peculiar policy conditions ( Carkovic and Levine, 2002 ) .Factors of FDI influenceThe extent to which the foreign investing can lend to the economic growing depends on a assortment of factors. One of them is the host state features, called â€Å" absorbent capacity † , – a capableness of the host economic system to profit from technological spillovers from the more industrialised states and the ability to roll up and best utilize engineering and cognition ( Narula and Portelli, 2005 ) . The chief determiner of the â€Å" absorbent capacity † is the quality of establishments, peculiarly, the regulation of jurisprudence and the belongings rights protection. Trade openness, which is a step of the competition degree in the local state, besides positively influences the degree of FDI part to growing. States with more unfastened trade policy have less market deformations, high degree of efficiency and competition which enhance the spillover effects of FDI ( Balasubramanyam et al. , 1996 ) . A trial between FDI and end product growing in 24 states in 1971-1985 old ages conducted by Nair-Reichert and Weinhold ( 2001 ) besides reveals that the grade of state ‘s trade openness had a immense impact on the efficiency of FDI in the host state. The degree of technological edification and human capital stock in the host state is besides one of the chief factors of FDI impact on growing. It has been found that FDI raised the growing in those states that reached a minimal threshold degree of technological edification or the stock of human capital ( Borensztein et al. , 1998 ; Xu, 2000 ) The engineering spread between MNE and domestic houses in the host states is the chief property for the outgrowth of engineering spillovers. A high engineering spread along with a low competition reduces the spillover effects to the host state ( Kokko et al, 1996 ) . Other determiners include economic power, industry, type of FDI, and regional integrating, industry specialisation, market size, R & A ; D, geographical location, FDI policy of host state and etc ( OECD, 2002 ) .Maximization of FDI benefitsIn order to harvest the benefits of FDI authoritiess of host states need to implement some policies, such as betterments of the general macroeconomic and institutional models ; creative activity of a regulative environment that is contributing to FDI influxs ; and upgrading of substructure, engineering and human competencies to the degree where the full possible benefits of foreign corporate presence can be gained ( OECD, 2002 ) . International co-operation might help and reenforce the investment-related attempts of host states since the policy actions recommended above can non easy be pursued by authoritiess – particularly by hapless states – moving entirely ( OECD, 2002 ) . Foreign investors play a important function in engendering economic growing and lending to accomplishment of sustainable development ends. Consequently, the manner MNEs behave and are ruled is of import in maximization of the FDI benefits for economic development. Foreign affiliates must heighten engineering transportation, better human capital direction patterns, and supply transparence and competition. They should besides forbear from seeking freedoms from national environmental, labour and wellness criterions ( OECD, 2002 ) .Positive effects of FDITrade effectsFDI influences economic growing by increasing entire factor productiveness and the efficiency of resource usage in the host state. It increases the capital stock of the host state and therefore raises the end product degrees. The chief trade-related benefit of FDI is that it contributes to the integrating of host states into the planetary economic system by breeding and hiking foreign trade flows every bit good as the consti tution of multinational distribution webs. This, in bend, implies that host states will prosecute a policy of openness to international trade to profit from FDI ( OECD, 2002 ) .Human capital partFDI ‘s part to human capital in host states is important. MNEs addition workplaces, thereby cut down the unemployment in the host state. They normally provide higher rewards and working conditions due to their higher productiveness which is explained by greater technological know-how and modern direction accomplishments that enables them to vie efficaciously in foreign markets. The transportation of technological and managerial know-how through affiliates besides gives rise to direct benefits and increases fight in host states. For illustration, domestic employees can travel from foreign to domestic houses. Local houses might increase their productiveness through larning from foreign houses by coaction. ( OECD, 2008 ) . The presence of MNEs may besides do a utile presentation consequen ce, coercing the authorities to put in instruction more, as the demand for skilled labor by these houses is really high ( OECD, 2002 ) .Spillover effectsMNE ‘s normally possess a higher degree of engineering, particularly â€Å" clean † , which is the chief factor of their higher productiveness. One of the positive effects of FDI is that it generates important technological spillovers in the host states. MNE ‘s normally provide proficient aid, preparation and other information to increase the quality of the providers ‘ merchandises ( OECD, 2002 ) . Local houses might increase their productiveness as a consequence of deriving entree to modern, improved, or cheaper intermediate inputs produced by MNE in upstream sectors. Gross saless of these inputs by MNE might be accompanies by proviso of complementary services which might non be available through imports ( Javorcik, 2004 ) . Local sub-contractors can besides profit from MNE ‘s international contacts, therefore deriving more entree to foreign markets. FDI can besides increase research and development enterprises of local companies ( Tormenting, 1995 ) .Competition degreeFDI exerts a important influence on the competition degree in the host state. The presence of MNEs assists the economic development by exciting the domestic competition and thereby taking to higher productiveness, invention, lower monetary values and more efficient resource allotment ( OECD, 2002 ) .Management and administration practisesFDI through acquisition of local houses result in the alterations in direction and corporate administration. MNEs by and large impose their ain company policies, internal coverage systems and rules of information revelation. This consequence improves the concern environment and develops the corporate efficiency. Furthermore, different instances show that foreign investings besides create a more crystalline environment in the host state as MNEs encourage more unfastened authorities policy, raise corporate transparence and aid in the battle against corruptness. ( OECD, 2002 ) . Since foreign investings supply needful resources to developing states such as capital, engineering, managerial accomplishments, entrepreneurial ability, trade names, and entree to markets, they are of import for these economic systems to industrialise, develop, and make occupations cut downing the poorness degree in their states. Therefore, most developing economic systems recognize the possible value of investings and have liberalized their investing governments and conducted investing publicity activities to pull FDI from developed states ( Athukorala, 2003 ) .Negative effects of FDIHerding out consequence of FDIFDI can hold both herding in and herding out effects in host state economic system. The chief negative consequence of herding out consequence is the monopoly power over the market gained by MNEs. Empirical grounds in that respect is assorted. Econometric trial by Agosin and Mayer ( 2000 ) covering 39 states for a long period ( 1970-1996 ) demonstrated that herding out and herding in was detected in 10 economic systems, but in 19 the consequence was impersonal. Herding out consequence did non be in Asia, but it was rather obvious in Latin America. Another survey of 83 economic systems over the period of 1980-1999 found no impact of FDI on host state for 31, herding out for 29 and herding in for 23 states ( Kumar and Pradhan, 2002 ) . This diverseness might be due to the fact that assorted economic systems attract different types of FDI. Countries that pull largely domestic market-seeking investings will see herding out as the constitution of foreign subordinates consequences in tough competition with domestic houses. But for export-oriented investing, it might be less so ( Bhalla and Ramu, 2005 ) . MNE with lower marginal costs increases production relation to its domestic rival, when amiss competitory houses of the host state face fixed costs of production. In this environment, foreign houses that produce for the domestic market draw demand from local houses, doing them to cut down the production. The productiveness of local houses falls as their fixed costs are spread over a smaller market which forces them to endorse up their mean cost curves. When the productiveness lessening from this demand consequence is big plenty, entire domestic productiveness can decrease even if the MNE transportations engineering or its firm-specific plus to local houses ( Aitken and Harrison, 1999 ) . In general, herding out might take topographic point due to two grounds: 1 ) when domestic houses disappear because of higher efficiency and better merchandise quality of foreign subordinates, and 2 ) when they are wiped out because these foreign affiliates have better entree to fiscal resources and/or engage in anticompetitive patterns. In the first instance, the net impact on public assistance is positive as houses with higher efficiency and better merchandise quality contribute to the economic development of the host state. But in the 2nd instance, there is welfare loss and authoritiess intervene through different channels in order to assist the local houses. For illustration, they might set up or subsidise funding for domestic little and average houses ( Bhalla and Ramu, 2005 ) .Negative pay spilloversWage spillovers of the FDI are considered to be largely positive as workers of MNEs can go forth their workplace and go enterprisers in hereafter, which will increase the fight of d omestic houses. However, it might do negative effects every bit good, particularly, if MNEs hire the best workers due to their high rewards and thereby go forth lower-quality workers at the domestic houses ( Lipsey and Sjoholm, 2004 ) . In response to that domestic houses can increase or copy MNEs ‘ rewards unnaturally to forestall their high-quality employees from altering the workplace in favor of foreign houses. But this action can take to competitiveness lessening of them as MNEs have productiveness advantages over the domestic houses. Gorg and Greenaway ( 2001 ) reviewed six surveies on pay spillovers and reported that three panel surveies of those surveies found negative spillovers, while two cross-sections studied showed positive 1s. One possible ground of the negative consequences in some underdeveloped states is that the spread between MNE and domestic houses is really big for one party to act upon another. Furthermore, the labor markets in some underdeveloped economic systems are excessively segmented for rewards in one party to act upon another ( Lipsey and Sjoholm, 2004 ) .Net income repatriationWhen MNEs make investings in foreign states their chief aim is to maximise their net income. Some advantageous features of these states, such as inexpensive labor force, natural resource copiousness or high quality expertness, let MNEs to heighten their economic public presentation. MNEs on a regular basis repatriate their net incomes from investing to the history of their parent companies in the signifier of divide nds or royalties transferred to stockholders every bit good as the simple transportation of accumulated net incomes. It besides helps them avoid larger revenue enhancements by utilizing transportation monetary values. However, this net income repatriation consequences in immense capital escapes from the host state to the place state and negatively affects the balance of payment of the former. Thus the host states frequently set bounds on the sum of net incomes that MNEs can repatriate in order non to hold balance of payment shortages or reduced foreign exchange militias. Such policy can bring on these MNEs to put net incomes in different undertakings within the host state ( Billet, 1991 ) . But there is besides a possibility that such restrictions might deter MNEs from puting in these states, which will travel FDI to the states with less net income repatriation restrictions. For illustration, a study of main executive officers from 193 American MNEs revealed that about 70 % of them viewed net income repatriation as a chief factor positively actuating the FDI behavior of them ( Kobrin et al ) . One of the biggest FDI receiving systems in the universe, India, permits 100 % net income repatriation for foreign investors in most sectors ( NRI Repatriation ) .Double economic system consequenceFDI, particularly, made in the underdeveloped states can take them to hold a double economic system, which has one developed sector largely owned by foreign houses and developing sector owned by domestic houses. Since the state ‘s economic system becomes excessively dependent on the developed sector, its economic construction alterations. Often this developed sector is the capital- intensive, while another one is labor-intensive. Therefore, double economic system consequence hampers the economic development of states as most of their citizens are located in the non-developed labor-intensive sector. This consequence is seeable in most oil-rich states, where foreign investings made in the oil and gas sector resulted in the resource roar and left the agribusiness and fabrication sectors underdeveloped. That negative consequence of FDI can take to Dutch Disease consequence in natural resource copiousness states. Dutch Disease theoretical account postulates that a resource roar, largely after the immense investings in the sector, diverts state ‘s resources off from activities that are more contributing to growing in long tally. First symptom of this phenomenon is an grasp of the state ‘s exchange rate caused by resource roar, which in bend causes a contraction in the fabrication exports ( Bulte et al, 2003 ) . The flourishing resource sector draws capital and labours off from fabrication, taking its costs to lift ( Neary and new wave Wijnbergen, 1986 ) . The consequence is that the fight of state ‘s non-tradable trade goods rise, while that of tradable – fabrication trade goods falls in the universe markets, cut downing the possible for export-led growing of industries in the long tally. Since fabrication sector is regarded as the chief â€Å" engine of growing † , its diminution causes accordingly a growing diminution in state ‘s economic system in the l ong tally ( Sachs and Warner, 1999 ) . One possible solution to the job is a variegation of the economic system by puting in different sectors.Balance of payment consequenceEmpirical surveies reveal that a bidirectional relationship exists between foreign investings and imports. An addition in FDI influxs from the place state will ensue in an addition in imports in the host state from the place state. It can be due the fact that the MNE purchases inputs from its traditional providers or increased rising prices rate speeded up by foreign capitals in the place state. As more investing flows in, the host state economic system becomes more and more dependent on the production engineering of MNE ‘s place state. The host state will hold to import more inputs and intermediate goods from the MNE ‘s place state, which might restrain the development in the domestic industry. If these investings are non export-oriented, the host state can endure from trade shortages ( Chaisrisawats uk S. and Chaisrisawatsuk W, 2007 ) .Infrastructure development restraintFDI constrains basic substructure development by deviating resources from public investing in substructure. Since FDI is attracted largely to wealthy parts of the host state, the substructure in these parts will necessitate a greater attempt to be improved, particularly striping the poorer parts and the rural parts ( Yamin and Sinkovics, 2009 ) .Environmental issuesA big volume of FDI is concentrated in natural resource sectors of developing and less developed states. Most of these states have a less rigorous or non-existent regulative government. Sometimes states intentionally attempt to relieve or loosen their regulative demands to pull FDI. However, while these states can profit from positive effects of investing, the negative effects of FDI on host state ‘s ecosystems and environment might convey catastrophe in the long tally ( Gray, 2002 ) . The solution to these jobs is to raise host state capacity to modulate and build international environmental criterions. NGO ‘s and other civil society groups from place and host states can besides play a important function in the betterment of authorities ordinances and addition of MNE ‘s duty on environmental issues ( Mabey and McNally, 1998 ) .Other possible negative impactsFDI can do political, societal and cultural agitation and divisiveness in the host states by debut of unaccepChart values, which include advertisement, concern imposts, labour patterns and etc, and by direct intervention of the MNEs in the political government or electoral procedure in the host state ( Dunning, 1995 ) . For illustration, some least developed states with the economic system excessively dependent on powerful transnational endeavors are threatened of fring political sovereignty ( OECD, 2002 ) .Case Study: Dutch Disease effects in AzerbaijanAzerbaijan had had a reasonably developing eco nomic system with a consistent one-year GDP growing above 10 % until 2005. However, after a big sum of FDI ‘s in energy sector, the economic state of affairs critically changed and grew significantly in 2005-2009 old ages due ( Chart 1. GDP of Azerbaijan. Chart 2. GDP growing ) . Its oil and gas grosss fuelled the economic system and promoted a rapid rise in life criterions. But despite this prosperity, some negative impacts of huge foreign investings, particularly, Dutch Disease effects, became seeable over clip. Large capital influxs and grosss shortly demonstrated its impact on high rising prices degree ( Chart 3. Inflation rate ) and the national currency of Azerbaijan – AZN has appreciated against USD Dollar and Pound Sterling, while its value against Euro has been volatile during 2006-2010 old ages ( Chart 4. Currency Exchange ) . As exports increased, the state started to run balance of payment excess ( Chart 5. Balance of Payment ) . The fight of non-tradable trade goods have risen during this period in Azerbaijan. Particularly, oil roar fuelled banking sector, existent estate and building. However, the growing rate of tradable sectors of Azerbaijan was small ( Traveling Dutch ) . Main non-oil exports of the state agribusiness and metals sector have non seen a important growing, intending state ‘s fight is non turning. In fact the state became dependent on oil sector, as it accounts for 90 % of exports and 60 % of GDP part ( Chart 6. GDP composing by sector ) . Current prognosiss predict that the oil roar of Azerbaijan will be comparatively ephemeral and oil production will get down to diminish in 2012, which will hold a prodigious negative impact on the economic system ( Going Dutch ) . Dutch Disease effects have a important impact on the poorness rate of the state. Although life criterions have mostly improved, a high degree of poorness persists, particularly, in rural countries. About 42 % of the rural population live below the poorness line, and 13 % of hapless people live in utmost poorness ( Rural poorness in Azerbaijan ) . Despite the big GDP part of industry sector, chiefly oil and gas sector, laborforce represented by this sector is the least – by 12 % . However, agribusiness with the biggest laborforce business histories for 6 % in GDP part ( Chart 7. Laborforce business by sector. ) . This implies that chief laborforce of the state is located in less competitory and less efficient sector, and the economic system must be diversified and fight of fabrication merchandises, owned by domestic houses, must be increased to minimise the high degree of poorness.DecisionAlthough there are contradictory ideas about the impact of FDI on the economic growing, it is loosely believed that investings positively contribute to the economic development of host states. However, states do non profit from the investings at the same degree. Foreign investings are non advantageous or disadvantageous by themselves. Their part depends on the policy and behavior of host state authoritiess and MNEs. The same foreign investing may convey tonss of benefits to one state, while it might be rather harmful for the other. Therefore, it does non intend that if you get more FDI, your economic system will hike. For illustration, Azerbaijan ‘s economic system grew significantly due to foreign investings, but if the authorities does non diversify the economic system and take steps against the negative effects of FDI, its economic system will be worsened in long term. The rising prices is increasing, non-oil sector is barely turning, and the economic system is going more and more dependent on the oil and gas sector, owned largely by foreign houses. The survey implies that an appropriate policy and bit by bit improved â€Å" absorbent capacity † of authoritiess will minimise the negative effects of FDI and let these economic systems to harvest the benefits of investings at the upper limit.

After the Abuse †Psychology Essay

After the Abuse – Psychology Essay Free Online Research Papers After the Abuse Psychology Essay Standing before the minister, gazing into each other’s eyes with fingers entwined, the bride echoes the line â€Å"for better or for worse,† and ‘till death do us part.† It is not until it is too late that she realizes that the â€Å"till death do us part† is slowly being beaten out of her. If you are one of the survivors of abuse by someone you love as I am, survival comes at a cost to mental and physical health. Many survivors of abuse suffer the same symptoms as people who have survived an event such as a terrorist attack, assault, natural disaster, or as a soldier returning home, and many suffer in silence. There are many who believe that once an abused spouse or significant other leaves the relationship, everything will be fine. With so much already written concerning intimate partner violence, we should be surprised by this belief, but we are not. The reality is that not everyone comes through the abuse unscathed. Most people do manage to cope with life’s stressful events, such as a car wreck, death of a loved one, or an illness; however, the life of a woman repeatedly abused is changed, even if we cannot see it. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is a real, life-alte ring medical diagnosis that can negatively influence lives and families for years. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental-health condition experienced after an emotional trauma, characterized by both an emotional and physical suffering, through flashbacks or nightmares; it affects routine everyday life and health issues (National 1, par. 3). PTSD alters the body’s response to stress by affecting stress hormones and neurotransmitters. Previous exposure to trauma may increase the risk, which suggests that this kind of a reaction may be a learned response (â€Å"Medical† 1, par. 4). This disorder can manifest itself months or years after the abuse and affect the person’s ability to function at home or at work, to form new relationships, or to lead productive lives. The ongoing stress may result in chronic pain and victims of domestic violence are more likely to have arthritis, neck pain and migraine headaches. The September 2006 Harvard Women’s Health Watch reports over forty-seven percent of battered women are depressed, sixty-three percent suffered post-traumatic stress disorder, and almost eight percent committed suicide (â€Å"Recognizing† 7, par 1). Unfortunately, for some, the victim leaves one abusive relationship only to rebound into another, and the cycle continues. Twenty to thirty percent of women in America are physically abused during their adult life (Berkowitz 1, par. 2) with an estimated four million women seriously injured, and at ten times greater risk to be murdered by an intimate partner (Berkowitz 1, par. 3). In 2001, over one hundred thousand men were documented as suffering nonfatal injuries with four-hundred-forty deaths attributed to domestic violence (Pisano 4). Though the numbers of women for that same year was close to six-hundred-thousand nonfatal injuries, with over twelve-hundred fatalities, men are victims also and should not be forgotten (Pisano 4). Statistics concerning male abuse victims are sketchy, as the majority of men do not report abuse from an intimate partner. What causes men, in most cases, to engage in acts of physical or emotional abuse against someone they profess to love? Abuse, emotional and physical, is the abuser’s need to control and â€Å"on gaining and maintaining power over his partner through fear and intimidation† (â€Å"Recognizing† 1, par. 7). The abusive partner may use many different methods to actively control his partner from intimidation, criticizing her, what to wear, where she can go, or whom she can see, isolation from family, friends, and co-workers by limiting contact or removing her physically from contact with them. The isolation of an abuse victim from family, friends, and co-workers cuts her off from the people and services that could help her (Recognizing 1, par. 9). If there is no contact outside of the home, there is no one for her to talk to or ask for help, or so the abuser believes, giving the abuser even more control over his victim’s life. And over time, the woman hersel f may begin to doubt herself and believe the horrible things he says and may feel an obligation to keep herself and those around her convinced that everything is just fine (â€Å"Recognizing† 1, par. 6). This is yet another way to control the victim and continue the abuse, all the while leaving the impression of the perfect relationship for family and friends to see. Earlier in America’s history, women â€Å"were viewed as property of men, much like children or slaves, and could be physically punished for not obeying orders† (Prah 1, par. 2). Even with the changes in laws and education concerning violence against women, in 1964 a young woman in New York City was repeatedly stabbed while neighbors ignored her screams. Witnesses later said they did not want to get involved because they thought it was a man beating his wife and felt it was not any of their business (Prah 1, par 6). The first women’s-rights convention was held in New York in 1848, and by the 1870s, wife beating was becoming unacceptable, at least legally, with Maryland being the first state to outlaw wife beating in 1883. However, it was not until the 1960s and the women’s movement of the 1970s that Americans began to change the way they viewed domestic violence (Prah 1, par 4). Regardless of how many laws are passed, the problem will not magically disappear. The cycle of â€Å"domestic violence follows a recognizable pattern titled Walker’s Cycle of Violence Theory† (Berkowitz 396, par. 9). The phases included in this cycle are tension building, acute battering, and the honeymoon phase. The tension-building phase, the first step, includes â€Å"verbal criticism and a lack of predictability† that may cause the victim to suffer â€Å"headache and abdominal pain† caused by the stress (Berkowitz 396, par. 9). The second phase involves the destruction of property, physical injuries or trauma to the victim, and often at this, the battering phase, neighbors or the victim themselves calls the police. The third phase is called the honeymoon phase because the batterer apologizes, asks for forgiveness, and promises that it will never happen again; unfortunately, the cycle repeats itself and the violence continues unless there is interven tion. The victim may believe, or more appropriately, wants to believe the abuse will stop, but the violence persists (Berkowitz 396, par. 9). Have you ever seen someone lift up his or her arm to wave and the person beside him flinches or cringes? Perhaps she is a survivor of abuse or worse, still a victim. The physical abuse may end when the victim leaves, but many suffer for months or years from the symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Unfortunately, there are batterers that follow their victim to continue the abuse whether physical or verbal, in an effort to keep the control and fear alive. The abuse victim varies from the highly educated, affluent, career driven, homemakers, mothers, or daughters. What does not appear to vary from all of the reports and journal articles written is the description of the abuser. There have been countless articles, television specials, and movies made about abusive relationships and what they should show us is that it can happen to anyone. However, with the help and support of family, friends, professionals, and time, there is life after abuse; you just have to decide whether to keep li ving as a victim, or to live. Berkowitz, Carol D. â€Å"Recognizing and Responding to Domestic Violence.† Pediatric Annals 34.5 (2005): 395-401. eLibrary. Gulf Coast Community College Lib., Panama City, FL 7 Oct. 2006 . â€Å"Medical Encyclopedia: Post-traumatic stress disorder.† Medline Plus. 4 Oct. 2006. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 17 Oct. 2006 . National Mental Health Information Center. â€Å"Answers in the Aftermath.† U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2005. 9 Oct. 2006 . Pisano, Marina. No One to Turn to Battered Woman Found Little Help, Even From Church. San Antonio Express-News. 15 Feb. 2005. eLibrary. Gulf Coast Community College Lib., Panama City, FL 9 Oct. 2006 . Prah, Pamela M. Domestic Violence. CQ Researcher 16.1 (2006): 1-24. CQ Researcher Online. CQ Press. Gulf Coast Community College Lib., Panama City, FL 18 Oct. 2006 . â€Å"Recognizing Domestic Partner Abuse.† Harvard Women’s Health Watch 14.1 (2006): 6-7. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Gulf Coast Community College Lib., Panama City, FL 20 Oct 2006. . Works Consulted Corry, Charles E. Domestic Violence Is Not a Serious Problem. Domestic Violence. Ed. David M. Haugen. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomson Gale. Gulf Coast Community College Lib., FL 17 Oct. 2006 . Kilpatrick, Dean G. â€Å"A Special Section on Complex Trauma and A Few Thoughts About the Need for More Rigorous Research on Treatment Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Safety.† Journal of Traumatic Stress 18.5 (2005): 379-84. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Gulf Coast Community College Lib., Panama City, FL 9 Oct 2006. . Vaknin, Sam Dr. Malignant Love. 7th Ed. Macedonia: Narcissus Publications, 2006. 4 Oct. 2006 . Young, Cathy. Feminist Dogma on Partner Abuse. The Boston Globe. 10 Nov. 2004. eLibrary. Gulf Coast Community College Lib., Panama City, FL 9 Oct. 2006 . Word Count: 1246 Research Papers on After the Abuse - Psychology EssayArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Capital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic EngineeringQuebec and CanadaPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

10 Functions of the Comma

10 Functions of the Comma 10 Functions of the Comma 10 Functions of the Comma By Mark Nichol A comma is a versatile punctuation mark, serving ten basic functions. Here’s an enumeration, with examples. 1. Separate the elements in a series: â€Å"Groucho, Harpo, and Chico developed the philosophy called Marxism.† Many periodicals and websites, and most colloquially written books, omit the serial, or final, comma, but it is all but mandatory in formal writing and is recommended in all usage. As language maven Bryan Garner observes, â€Å"Omitting the serial comma may cause ambiguities, whereas including it never will.† 2. Separate coordinated independent clauses: â€Å"I like the Marx Brothers, but she thinks they’re too silly.† (An independent clause is one that can stand on its own as a sentence but is linked with another by a conjunction and/or a punctuation mark.) Exceptions include sentences with closely linked clauses (â€Å"Go to the window and see who’s there†) and those with a compound predicate (â€Å"The Marx Brothers are known for their puns and their sight gags†). 3. Separate an introductory word (â€Å"Naturally, I agree with you†), phrase (â€Å"Last summer, I went on a long vacation†), or subordinate clause (â€Å"If you’re too busy now, wait until later†) from the remainder of the sentence. 4. Separate an optional parenthetical element from the remainder of the sentence. â€Å"We have, in a manner of speaking, won despite our loss.† (The phrase â€Å"in a manner of speaking† could also be set off by em dashes or parentheses, depending on whether the writer wishes to emphasize the interruption of the statement â€Å"We have won despite our loss† or wants to diminish it as an aside.) 5. Separate coordinate adjectives from each other: â€Å"I could really use a tall, cool drink right now.† (Do not separate noncoordinate adjectives with a comma; this post explains the difference between these two types of adjectives.) 6. Separate an attribution from a direct quotation: â€Å"She said, ‘Neither choice is very appealing’†; â€Å"‘That’s not my problem,’ he replied.† (A colon may be precede a formal pronouncement or an attribution that forms a complete thought, as in, â€Å"He had this to say: ‘Her point is irrelevant.† Omit punctuation when the attribution is implied, as in â€Å"Your response ‘Her point is irrelevant’ is evasive.†) 7. Separate a participial phrase or one lacking a verb from the remainder of the sentence: â€Å"Having said that, I still have my doubts†; â€Å"The deed done, we retreated to our hideout.† 8. Separate a salutation from a letter (â€Å"Dear friends,†) or a complimentary close from a signature in a letter (â€Å"Sincerely,†). A colon should be used in place of a comma in a formal salutation. 9. Separate elements when setting off a term for a larger geopolitical entity from that for a smaller one located within it (â€Å"Santa Barbara, California, is located on the coast†) and for elements of street addresses (â€Å"1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC†) (and dates (â€Å"January 1, 2013†). 10. Separate groups of three digits in numbers: (Let me tell you how to make your first 100,000,000 dollars.† (Because large numbers are difficult to scan, it’s usually better to use one of the following forms: â€Å"100 million dollars,† â€Å"one hundred million dollars.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsOne Fell SwoopPhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Philosophy of Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Time - Essay Example On the other hand, Isaac Newton defined a number of significant ideas including that of time. Even though he understood that clocks were imperfect and measuring time was subjected to human fault, he believed that absolute time was comparable to a worldwide, supreme God-like time, one similar to everyone, in all places; people would experience time in a similar manner no matter the place. Since chronological time is solely somewhat adequate in an experiential sense and totally inadequate to clutch the meaning of aging, there is need to combine both a broader cultural and a personal sense to revive other temporal perspectives. The aim of both perspectives, symbolized in the main positions of Augustine, Aristotle, the existential philosopher Heidegger, and phenomenologist Husserl, has been to make up time as such from their views. There are benefits that an individual might derive from philosophy of time. First there is a clear relationship between the human mind and time. St Augustine adopted a subjective opinion of time stating, "It is in you, O my mind, that I measure time,† (St. Augustine) meaning that human mind actually structures a person’s perception so that he can know the fact that time is likened to a mathematical line. In this theory therefore, I believe that time is a form of conscious knowledge, and people’s sense of it is a vital condition of their sensation or experience. Philosophy of time is important in planning for the past, the present, and the future. C.S. Lewis argues that our life changes with time. He articulated that "The duration of consciousness is not the same as the consciousness of duration." (C.S. Lewis). One moment disappears when another moment sets in and this is what gives room for noticeable developments in one’s life. This arrangement is not the only way that life is experienced by each one of us, but also the way by which all things happen or exist. We tend to assume that everything happens just the way we wish it to happen, when time elapses. Philosophy of time is a crucial factor in each one’s life. Life comes with it the opportunity to discover the livelihood of a person, to learn about anything, and to relate with nature. Modern society has an impact on the daily lives of individuals and therefore, the sense of efficiency result in increased responsibilities and tasks, which must be completed within a short time. No wonder Marcus Aurelius stated, "If you want to stop wasting your life in vain fantasies, perform every act in life as though it were your last," (Marcus Aurelius) to mean that people should not spend much of their time thinking of impossibilities, but rather use that chance to the maximum and to their best. People need to employ their time wisely, avoiding too much hurry to pause and taste life; they should never loss their sense of the extensive value of a single minute. In the Zen philosophy and time nature, William Blake is quoted attributing, - "The essence of Zen is to learn to do just one thing at a time" (William Blake). In my understanding, this implies that people ought to learn to live like ancient philosophers, by having specifications in their daily chores. Lacking this kind of philosophical thought of time may mess up an individual’s activities. Doing too much at ago violates the meaning and significance of how wisely a person should utilize time. Striving to achieve every goal at ago may only lead